Momwe Mungakulitsire Kuchita Bwino Pogwiritsa Ntchito CNC Vertical Lathe Technology

CNC ofukula lathe luso amasintha machining njira ndi mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusinthasintha. TheCNC Vertical Turning and Milling Compound MachineATC 1250/1600 ikuchitira chitsanzo chatsopanochi, kuphatikiza kutembenuka, mphero, kubowola, ndi kugaya pakukhazikitsa kumodzi. Mapangidwe ake olimba komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri, kuwonetsetsa kulondola kosasintha. Makina ophatikizika a CNC awa amapatsa mphamvu opanga kuti athe kuthana ndi ntchito zovuta bwino ndikupititsa patsogolo zokolola. Ndi kuthekera kwa CNC lathe, ATC 1250/1600 imadziwika ngati yankho lamphamvu pazosowa zamakono zopanga.

 

Zofunika Kwambiri

  • Kulemba antchito aluso kumapangitsa kuti CNC vertical lathes igwire ntchito bwino. Maluso awo amachepetsa kuchedwa ndikupangitsa kuti makina azikhala olondola.
  • Maphunziro ndi ziphaso zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kuphunzira njira zabwino kwambiri. Izi zimapanga chizolowezi chowongolera nthawi zonse.
  • Kusankha zida zabwino ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga makina abwino. Yang'anani pa kulondola, mphamvu, ndi kusamalitsa kosavuta kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.

 

Maphunziro Oyendetsa Ntchito ndi Kukulitsa Maluso

Kufunika kwa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mwaluso

Ndadziwonera ndekha momwe ogwiritsira ntchito aluso angasinthire magwiridwe antchito a CNC ofukula lathe. Ukadaulo wawo umatsimikizira kuti gawo lililonse la makina opangira makina likuyenda bwino. Ogwiritsa ntchito aluso amapambana pakuwongolera, kusankha zida, ndikusintha munthawi yeniyeni. Maluso awa amathandizira mwachindunji kulondola ndikuchepetsa nthawi yopumira.

  • Amamasulira mapulani molondola ndikusintha magawo monga kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kuvala kwa zida kuti akwaniritse malire olekerera.
  • Kukhoza kwawo kuyang'anira makina opangira makina kumawathandiza kuti azikonza zenizeni zenizeni, ngakhale pamene zida zikuyamba kutha.
  • Izi zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa zolakwika ndikuchepetsa kufunika kokonzanso, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi chuma.

Kuphatikizira ogwira ntchito aluso ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa kuyang'anira kwaumunthu ndi makina. Synergy iyi imatsimikizira kulondola kwambiri ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito. Ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zapamwamba nthawi zonse.

Langizo: Kuyika ndalama kwa ogwira ntchito aluso sikumangowonjezera kulondola kwa makina komanso kumakulitsa nthawi ya moyo wanuCNC ofukula lathe pochepetsa kung'ambika kosafunikira.

Mapulogalamu a Maphunziro ndi Ma Certification

Mapulogalamu ophunzitsira ndi ma certification amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Nthawi zonse ndimalimbikitsa kuyika ndalama pamaphunziro athunthu kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito akumvetsetsa bwino momwe makina amagwirira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito zida, komanso kukonza mapulogalamu. Wogwira ntchito wophunzitsidwa bwino sali chabe chuma koma chofunikira pakupanga zamakono.

  • Maphunziro ndi mapulogalamu a certification amapangitsa ogwira ntchito kusinthidwa ndi machitidwe abwino amakampani.
  • Maphunziro apamwamba amapititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha makina, chitetezo, ndi kuwongolera khalidwe.
  • Kulimbikitsa ogwira ntchito kuti azichita nawo maphunziro otsitsimula kumalimbikitsa chikhalidwe chakusintha kosalekeza.

Mapulogalamu a certification amathandizanso ogwira ntchito kuti azikhala amakono ndi ukadaulo wosinthika. Mwachitsanzo, ndawona momwe ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa luso lapamwamba amatha kugwira ntchito zamakina zovuta mosavuta. Izi sizimangowonjezera zokolola komanso zimatsimikizira kuti lathe ya CNC vertical lathe imagwira ntchito mokwanira.

Zindikirani: Malo ophunzirira omwe amalimbikitsa chitukuko cha luso mosalekeza amaonetsetsa kuti gulu lanu likupita patsogolo pamakampani ampikisano.

 

Zida ndi Kuwongolera Zida

Kusankha Zida Zapamwamba

Nthawi zonse ndimatsindika kufunika kosankha zida zapamwamba za CNC vertical lathe operation. Zida zoyenera sizimangopangitsa kuti makina azigwira bwino ntchito komanso amaonetsetsa kuti makinawo azikhala olondola komanso olimba. Poyesa zida, ndimayang'ana pazinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito. Nayi chidule cha zomwe ndimayang'ana:

Zofunikira/Phindu Kufotokozera
Kulondola Kwambiri CNC ofukula lathes ntchito kachitidwe patsogolo kukwaniritsa zolondola mkulu mbali miyeso ndi pamwamba khalidwe.
Kukhazikika Kwabwino Zomwe zili ngati njira yolumikizira mfundo zitatu zimatsimikizira kuti makinawo amagwira ntchito bwino komanso modalirika.
Ntchito Yosavuta ndi Kusamalira Kuwongolera kosavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndiukadaulo wa PLC kumathandizira kuti ntchito ndi kukonza zizikhala zosavuta.
Kuchepetsa Mtengo Wokonza Makina ocheperako ndi ogwira ntchito amafunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika mtengo komanso kutsika mtengo.
Kuchulukirachulukira Kutha kuchita njira zingapo pakukhazikitsa kumodzi, kuchepetsa kwambiri nthawi yothandizira.
Zopanga Zosayembekezereka Advanced automation imalola kugwira ntchito mosalekeza popanda kuyang'aniridwa mosalekeza, kukulitsa luso.

Poyika zinthu izi patsogolo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zomwe ndimasankha zikugwirizana ndi kuthekera kwa CNC Vertical Turning and Milling Composite Center ATC 1250/1600. Njirayi imakulitsa zokolola ndikuchepetsa zovuta zogwirira ntchito.

Kusamalira Chida Choyenera ndi Kusunga

Kusamalira moyenera ndi kusunga zida ndizofunikira mofanana. Kunyalanyaza izi kungayambitse kusalinganika, kuchepa kwa moyo wa zida, ndi kusokoneza makina ogwirira ntchito. Ndikutsatira njira zingapo zofunika kuti ndisunge zida zabwino kwambiri:

  • Chitani macheke pafupipafupi kuti muzindikire ndi kuthana ndi kusalinganika kwakung'ono kusanachuluke.
  • Gwiritsani ntchito makina osinthira mphamvu kuti muwone ndikuwongolera kusalinganika kwa zida, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino.
  • Sungani zotengera zida zaukhondo komanso zopanda zinyalala kuti mupewe mphamvu zosagwirizana pakukonza.
  • Yang'anirani zida nthawi zonse kuti zigwire bwino ntchito ndikutalikitsa moyo wawo.

Masitepewa samangowonjezera moyo wautali wa zida komanso amawonetsetsa kuti makina opanga makina azikhala olondola komanso ogwira mtima. Chida chosungidwa bwino ndi chofunikira kuti tipeze zotsatira zokhazikika pakupanga kwamakono.

 

Kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza

Ubwino Wogwira Ntchito Moyenera

Kugwira ntchito moyenera kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo, kulondola, komanso kuchita bwino kwa ntchito za CNC vertical lathe. Ndawona momwe machitidwe ogwirira ntchito atha kusinthira zotsatira zamakina posunga chogwirira ntchito pamalowo. Kukhazikika uku kumachepetsa kugwedezeka ndikuwonjezera kulondola kwa makina.

Njira Ubwino
Kuthamanga kokhazikika kwa clamping Kumawonjezera chitetezo poonetsetsa kuti workpiece ikugwira ntchito motetezeka panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Macheza achepa Imawongolera kulondola polola kuthamanga kwambiri komanso ma feed popanda kugwedezeka.
Kugwira ntchito zazikulu Imathandizira kupanga zinthu zolemetsa, kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito maginito, mwachitsanzo, amapereka chithandizo chokwanira pamtunda uliwonse. Izi zimathetsa kufunika kwa nsagwada, kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa khwekhwe ndi kusokoneza pa makina. Makinawa amakhalanso ndi zida zokhotakhota kapena zokhotakhota, zomwe zimapereka kusinthasintha kosayerekezeka.

Kumanga kwamphamvu kwa CNC vertical lathes, mongaATC 1250/1600, imawonjezeranso kugwira ntchito moyenera. Zomangamanga zawo zolimba komanso zida zapamwamba zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, kuchepetsa zosowa zosamalira ndikukulitsa moyo wogwira ntchito. Kuphatikizika kwa kapangidwe ka makina komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera kumawonjezera chitetezo komanso kulondola.

Langizo: Kuyika ndalama pamakina apamwamba ogwirira ntchito sikumangowonjezera zotsatira zamakina komanso kumachepetsa nthawi yopumira chifukwa cha zolakwika zokhazikitsidwa.

Kuchepetsa Zolakwa ndi Kukonza Molondola

Kukonza molondola ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse zolakwika zamakina ndikupeza zotsatira zofananira. Ndawona momwe zida zopangidwira bwino zimagwirizira bwino chogwirira ntchito, kuteteza kugwedezeka kosafunikira ndikuyenda. Kukhazikika uku kumapangitsa kuti makina azichitika ndendende pamalo omwe akuyembekezeredwa.

  • Zosintha zimakulitsa kulondola komanso kulondola posunga malo oyenera a chogwiriracho.
  • Ma hydraulics opitilira muyeso (CPH) amalepheretsa kupotoza kwa gawo panthawi ya makina, kuonetsetsa kulolerana kofanana.
  • Makina a pneumatic amachepetsa nthawi yozungulira mpaka 50%, pomwe makasitomala akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa 90% pa nthawi yokhazikitsira pomwe akusintha kuchokera pamakonzedwe apamanja.

Kukonzekera koyenera kumatsimikiziranso kupanikizika kosalekeza kwa clamping, komwe kumachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kupanga. Kusasinthika kumeneku kumabweretsa kulekerera kwapamwamba kofanana m'magawo onse, kuwongolera bwino. Poyika patsogolo kukonza kolondola, ndapeza kuti opanga amatha kuchepetsa kukonzanso ndikuwongolera zokolola.

Zindikirani: Kukonzekera kodalirika sikumangowonjezera kulondola komanso kumapangitsa kuti wogwiritsa ntchito azidzidalira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina azigwira bwino ntchito.

 

CNC Programming Optimization

Kulemba Mapulogalamu Abwino a CNC

Kukonzekera bwino kwa CNC kumapanga msana wa makina ochita bwino kwambiri. Ndawona momwe mapulogalamu okonzedwa bwino amatha kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira ndikuwongolera makina olondola. Poyang'ana pa makina ndi kulondola, opanga amatha kutsegula mphamvu zonse za CNC vertical lathe.

  1. Automating Programming: Kudzipangira okha pulogalamuyo kumachepetsa zolakwika za anthu ndikuchepetsa nthawi yopuma. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti makinawo amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri popanda kusokoneza.
  2. Njira Zosalala: Kugwiritsa ntchito kusalaza kumafupikitsa utali wa zida, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina azithamanga kwambiri. Izi sizimangopulumutsa nthawi komanso zimawonjezera kutha kwa ntchitoyo.
  3. G-Code Kukhathamiritsa: Kugwiritsa ntchito G-code optimizer kumazindikiritsa mwayi wowongolera, monga kusintha ma feed kapena kuthamanga kwa spindle. Izi zimabweretsa njira yowongoka komanso yothandiza kwambiri yopangira makina.
Njira Zokhudza Nthawi Yozungulira ndi Kulondola
Zida Zotembenuza Zochita Kwambiri Amachepetsa nthawi yamakina kudzera pakudutsa mwachangu kwa workpiece.
Zida Zamakono za Geometri Zimawonjezera kuthyoka kwa chip ndi kuziziritsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi yozungulira ikhale yayifupi.
Adaptive Tool Control Systems Ingosintha zokha zoikamo za makina abwino kwambiri, kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira.
Mulingo woyenera Kutembenuza Magawo Imalinganiza liwiro la spindle, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndi kuya kwa kudula kuti muchepetse nthawi yozungulira.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kozizira Kwambiri Imalimbikitsa nthawi yayifupi yozungulira kudzera pakutha kutentha komanso kuchepetsa kuvala kwa zida.

 

Langizo: Unikani pafupipafupi ndikuwongolera mapulogalamu anu a CNC kuti muwonetsetse kuti akugwirizana ndi njira zamakono zamakina ndi matekinoloje atsopano.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zoyeserera

Zida zoyeserera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popewa zolakwika zamapulogalamu ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a CNC. Nthawi zonse ndimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zidazi kuti muwone ndikuyesa njira zamakina musanapange zenizeni. Njira imeneyi imapulumutsa nthawi, imachepetsa ndalama, komanso imawonjezera mphamvu zonse.

Pindulani Kufotokozera
Kupulumutsa Nthawi ndi Mtengo Amapewa zolakwika zodula ndikukonzanso pozindikira zolakwika mu CNC code isanapangidwe.
Kupititsa patsogolo Katundu Wazinthu Imawonetsetsa kuti mapulogalamu a CNC akwaniritsa zofunikira, kuchepetsa zolakwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwazinthu zomaliza.
Kupititsa patsogolo Chitetezo cha Operekera Amachepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwamanja ndi kuyesa kuyesa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zikhale zotetezeka.
Kuchulukirachulukira Imakulitsa njira zazida ndikuwonetsetsa mawonekedwe ake, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito onse.
Kuwona Njira Amalola kuyesedwa kwa njira zamachining m'malo enieni asanapangidwe kwenikweni.

Ukadaulo wamapasa a digito, mwachitsanzo, wasintha momwe timayendera mapulogalamu a CNC. Pakupanga mawonekedwe ofananira ndi makina opanga makina, imakulitsa kulondola ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Ndawonapo zochitika zomwe kukonza zolosera, mothandizidwa ndi zida zofananira, kumachepetsa nthawi yotsika komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito mpaka 30%. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wamakina a 5-axis wabweretsa zopindulitsa mpaka 50% m'mafakitale monga zakuthambo.

Zidazi zimaperekanso malo otetezeka kwa ogwira ntchito kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zamakina. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira zida ndikusintha magawo, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuzindikira zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndikusintha popanda kuwononga makina kapena ntchito. Njira yolimbikitsirayi imatsimikizira kuti magwiridwe antchito amayenda bwino komanso zotuluka zapamwamba.

Zindikirani: Kuyika ndalama pazida zofananira zapamwamba sikumangolepheretsa zolakwika zamtengo wapatali komanso kumalimbikitsa chidaliro cha ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zodalirika komanso zodalirika zamakina.

 

Kukonza Makina ndi Kuwongolera

Madongosolo Okhazikika Okhazikika

Nthawi zonse ndimagogomezera kufunikira kotsatira ndondomeko zokhazikika za CNC vertical lathes. Madongosolo awa amawonetsetsa kuti makina amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso amapewa kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka. Kunyalanyaza kukonza nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kutsika mtengo komanso kuchepa kwa zokolola.

Makonzedwe okonzedwa bwino amalola ogwira ntchito kuzindikira zovuta zomwe zingatheke msanga. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Kafukufuku wa PSbyM Process Industries Performance Study akuwonetsa kuti makina omwe ali m'mafakitale opangira zinthu amakhala ndi nthawi yopitilira 67%.
  • Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nthawi yopumayi imachokera ku zowonongeka zazikulu, zomwe zingathe kupewedwa ndi chisamaliro choyenera.
  • Kuwunika pafupipafupi kumakulitsa moyo wazinthu zofunikira kwambiri ndikuchepetsa mwayi wolephera mwadzidzidzi.

Pokhazikitsa ndondomeko yokonza, ndawona momwe opanga angasinthire kwambiri kudalirika kwa makina. Ntchito monga kuthira mafuta, kuyeretsa, ndi kuyang'ana mbali zomwe zimavala zimatsimikizira kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino. Njira yolimbikitsirayi sikuti imangochepetsa nthawi yocheperako komanso imathandizira zokolola zonse.

Langizo: Sungani zipika zatsatanetsatane kuti muzitsatira ntchito zomwe zatsirizidwa ndikuzindikira zomwe zimabwerezedwa. Kuchita izi kumathandizira kukonza ndandanda ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a makina.

Kufunika Koyesa Makina

Calibration imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga zolondola za CNC vertical lathes. Ndawona momwe kuwongolera pafupipafupi kumawonetsetsa kuti makina azikhala mkati mwa kulolerana kwapadera, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zitheke kulondola kosasintha.

Umboni Kufotokozera
Nthawi zonse Calibration Imawonetsetsa kuti makina akugwira ntchito molingana ndi kulolerana kwapadera, kofunikira pakulondola.
Ntchito Zosamalira Zimaphatikizapo kudzoza ndi kuwunika kuti mupewe kuwonongeka ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma.
Kusintha kwa Chida cha Makina Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kubwereza ma calibrations pakapita nthawi kuti asunge zolondola.

Makina akawongoleredwa bwino, kukhathamira kwa zida kumachepa, ndipo makinawo amawongolera bwino. Izi zimachepetsa kufunika kokonzanso ndikuwonjezera mtundu wa zinthu zomalizidwa. Ndikupangira kukonza ma calibration pafupipafupi komanso pambuyo pokonza kapena kukonza.

Zindikirani: Kuwongolera si ntchito yanthawi imodzi. Kubwereza nthawi ndi nthawi kumawonetsetsa kuti CNC vertical lathe ikupitilizabe kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino, ngakhale pakulemedwa kwa ntchito.

 

Process Automation

Kuchita Zobwerezabwereza

Kudzipangira ntchito zobwerezabwereza mu CNC vertical lathe ntchito kumasintha bwino komanso kulondola. Ndawona momwe ma automation amachotsera zolakwika pamanja ndikufulumizitsa liwiro la kupanga, ndikupanga mayendedwe osavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zodzipangira zokha zimatha kulimbikitsa mphamvu mpaka 75% popanda kuwonjezera antchito. Njirayi imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizigawo tating'ono tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndi kukonzanso. Imafupikitsanso nthawi ya polojekiti, kuchoka pamalingaliro kupita kukupanga komaliza mwachangu kuposa kale.

Zochita zokha zimatsimikizira zotsatira zokhazikika pamagawo omakina. Pochotsa kusinthasintha kwaumunthu, kumachepetsa kusagwirizana ndikuwonjezera khalidwe. Kugwira ntchito mosalekeza kumakhala kotheka, kukulitsa zotulukapo pochotsa nthawi yopumira yokhudzana ndi ntchito yamanja. Ndawona momwe mayendedwe osasokonezawa samangowonjezera zokolola komanso amawonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala ofanana. Kusasinthika kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse kulekerera kolimba komanso kusunga miyezo yapamwamba pakupanga kwamakono.

Langizo: Yambani ndikungosintha njira zosavuta, zobwerezabwereza kuti muwone kusintha kwachangu ndi khalidwe.

Kuphatikiza Robotics ndi CNC Vertical Lathes

Kuphatikiza ma robotiki okhala ndi CNC vertical lathes kutengera zodzichitira pamlingo wina. Ndawona momwe maloboti amasinthira magwiridwe antchito pogwira ntchito monga kutsitsa, kutsitsa, ndikuwunika. Mwachitsanzo, loboti ya Fanuc M-20iA yophatikizidwa ndi makina ophera a Haas VF-2 CNC imapanga gawo lotsitsa ndikutsitsa. Kukonzekera uku kumawonjezera mitengo yopangira komanso kumathandizira kuti anthu azigwira ntchito mosayang'aniridwa panthawi yomwe simunafikepo. Momwemonso, loboti ya ABB IRB 4600 yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi Mazak Quick Turn 250 CNC lathe imatsitsa zida, kuziwunika ngati zili ndi zolakwika, ngakhale kusonkhanitsa zigawo. Kuphatikiza uku kumachepetsa kulowererapo pamanja, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kokhazikika komanso nthawi yozungulira mwachangu.

Maloboti amathandiziranso chitetezo chapantchito pogwira ntchito zowopsa. Othandizira amatha kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mapulogalamu ndi kuyang'anira, kusiya ntchito zobwerezabwereza kapena zoopsa kumakina. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa ma robotics ndi ukadaulo wa CNC kumapanga malo opangira bwino komanso otetezeka.

Zindikirani: Kuyika ndalama zama robotiki sikumangowonjezera zokolola komanso zitsimikizo zamtsogolo zomwe mukuchita polimbana ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito.

 Vertical CNC Lathe

FAQ

 

Ndi mafakitale ati omwe amapindula kwambiri ndiukadaulo wa CNC vertical lathe?

Makampani monga oyendetsa ndege, magalimoto, ndi makina olemera amapindula kwambiri. Magawowa amafuna kulondola kwambiri, makina olemetsa, komanso magwiridwe antchito ambiri, omwe ma CNC vertical lathes amapereka bwino.

Kodi ATC 1250/1600 imapangitsa bwanji kulondola kwa makina?

ATC 1250/1600 imakhala ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono ka spindle ndi ndondomeko yolondola kwambiri ya C-axis. Izi zimatsimikizira kukhazikika, kulondola kozungulira, komanso makina olondola ambali zambiri pantchito zovuta.

Kodi CNC ofukula lathe amatha kugwira ntchito zolemetsa?

Inde, makina ngati ATC 1250/1600 amatha kugwira ntchito mpaka matani 8. Zomangamanga zawo zolimba komanso zolemetsa zolemetsa zimatsimikizira bata panthawi ya makina.

Langizo: Onetsetsani kulemera kwa makina anu ndi kapangidwe kake kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe mukufuna.


Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-24-2025